1. Basic Human Anatomy & Physiology
-
Musculoskeletal system: bones, joints, muscles (especially of the spine, limbs, and pelvis)
-
Nervous system: peripheral and central pathways, including spinal cord levels and cranial nerves
-
Cardiopulmonary system: heart, lungs, thoracic cavity, and related physiological functions
2. Clinical Assessment Skills
-
Manual muscle testing (MMT) grades
-
Range of motion (ROM) measurements
-
Common clinical tests: McMurray, Trendelenburg, Babinski, etc.
-
Neurological examination techniques
3. Neurological & Orthopedic Conditions
-
Stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injuries
-
Common orthopedic issues: meniscus tears, sprains, herniated discs, carpal tunnel syndrome
4. Modalities & Electrotherapy
-
Understanding and indications/contraindications of:
-
TENS
-
Ultrasound
-
Cryotherapy
-
SWD (short wave diathermy)
-
Electrical stimulation
-
-
Safety protocols in applying physical agents
5. Rehabilitation Techniques
-
Gait training
-
Functional training
-
Pulmonary rehab and chest physiotherapy
-
Mirror therapy and motor relearning techniques
6. Therapeutic Exercise Knowledge
-
Isometric vs. isotonic vs. passive/active ROM exercises
-
Stretching types and purposes
-
Strengthening programs and progression principles
7. Patient Management & Ethics
-
Informed consent and patient education
-
Treatment planning and progression
-
Awareness of professional boundaries (e.g., medication prescription authority)
8. Assistive Technology and Posture
-
Wheelchair assessment
-
Adaptive grips (e.g., tenodesis)
-
Posture correction techniques and typical deformities
